Feed-in tariff

Feed-in Tariff is a policy requiring power utilities to buy renewable energy from third parties and includes guaranteed grid access, fixed fees, and no capping.

History
This type of program was first implemented in the USA in 1978. President Jimmy Carter told Americans that the energy crisis was "a clear and present danger to our nation" and drew out a plan to address it. As reaction to a perceived “energy crisis” and growing concerns over air pollution, President Jimmy Carter signed the National Energy Act (NEA) and the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA). The purpose of these watershed laws was to encourage energy conservation and the development of national energy resources, including renewables such as wind and solar.

Standard Offer Contracts for renewable power development were first introduced in California in the early 1980s in response to the state's investor-owned utilities behavior toward small power producers. California's Public Utility Commission ordered the utilities to offer standardized contracts and to offer one such contract, Standard Offer No.4 (SO4) with fixed prices. By the mid-1980s, private power producers had installed 1,200 megawatts of wind capacity in California. Much of this capacity is still in service. For two decades these wind turbines have delivered about 1% of the state’s electricity.

But it is the German model, begun in 1990 ("Stromeinspeisungsgesetz") and refined in the year 2000 ("Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz") when it became a Federally managed program, that has proven to be the world’s most effective practice for boosting adoption of renewable energy technologies. Feed-In Tariffs (REFIT) have been associated with a large growth in wind power in Spain, Germany and Denmark. These countries now boast the supply of 9%, 5% and 20% of their electricity respectively. These systems involve fixed payments that are guaranteed in the long term; 20 years in the cases of Spain and Germany.

Book

 * Miguel Mendonca, "Feed-in Tariffs Accelerating the Deployment of Renewable Energy", Earthscan, London, May 2007. ISBN 1844074668 ISBN 978-1844074662

Organizations Promoting Feed-In Tariffs

 * World Future Council

Nations, States and Provinces Implementing Feed-in Tariffs
As of early 2008, feed-in tariffs had been implemented in 41 countries, provinces and states. In the United States, measures that would enact such a system already have been proposed in Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, and Rhode Island.

Michigan Renewable Energy Sources Act
Michigan Renewable Energy Sources Act, House Bill 5218, would guarantee long-term, fixed prices for electricity generated from renewable sources. It was introduced by Michigan State Representative Kathleen Law and is based on German's "feed in tariff" (FIT) model to help increase renewable energy use.

Illinois Renewable Energy Sources Act
In 2008, Illinois Representative Karen May (D-Highland) introduced a bill calling for a system of feed-in tariffs modelled after the proposed Michigan statute. After its initial reading, HB 5855, The Illinois Renewable Energy Sources Act was reported to the House Rules Committee for initial action.

U.S. Clean Energy Buy-Back Act
In June 2008, Representatives Jay Inslee (D-WA), Bill Delahunt (D-MA), Jim McDermott (D-WA), and Mike Honda (D-CA) introduced the Clean Energy Buy-Back Act.

Modelled after European feed-in tariffs, the Clean Energy Buy-Back Act would guarantee U.S. producers of clean energy connection to the grid and predetermined rates from utilities for their power.

Inslee claimed support for his bill from almost 70 companies and organizations, including the Biomass Coordinating Council, Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 2020 Vision and Washington-based AltaRock Energy, Infinia Corporation and Living Shelter Design Architects.

Related SourceWatch Articles

 * Renewable energy
 * Illinois and coal
 * Michigan and coal
 * Michigan Renewable Energy Sources Act

External Resources

 * "Feed in Tariff"
 * Minnesota Feed-In Tariff Could Lower Cost, Boost Renewables and Expand Local Ownership, New Rules Project, January 2008
 * Feed-in Tariffs: Boosting Energy for Our Future, World Future Council
 * Full Text of HB 5855, Illinois Renewable Energy Sources Act
 * Chris Turner, "Feed-In Frenzy," The Walrus, Jan/Feb 2009